The Grammatical Analysis for Two Terms (Footnotes, Links and their Letters) at Al-Farabi (T 339 ah) in his Book (al-Lawfaa al-Usama in the Logic)

Abstract

 The logical culture enjoyed by Al-Farabi, who was nicknamed (the second teacher) after Aristotle, employed it in analyzing the foundations of the division of speech, grammatical rules, and evidence of the syntactic link in speech.  The visual school of his time, Ibn Al-Sarraj (d. 316 AH), as he resorted to analyzing these rules based on the logical foundations in his mind, not on the grammatical foundations of those rules.  Al-Farabi brought out Arabic grammar for us with a logical thought. Logic has a basis for understanding grammatical rules and reformulating them. Al-Farabi employed his logical understanding in analyzing these letters and clarifying their meanings and structural connotations.

 The most important results of the research can be stated in the following points:

   1 -The research showed that the analysis of grammatical issues in a logical way other than the linguistic method recognized by the early grammarians gives different results according to that method.

 2 -The research indicated that Al-Farabi did not find a name for each type of letters from the owners of Arabic grammar to his time, so he used in enumerating its types the names that led to the Arab countries from the people of knowledge of grammar from the people of the Greek tongue, and he mentioned that they singled out each of them with a special name.  A class of them they call footnotes, and a class of them they call links.

3 -Al-Farabi employed the usage understanding and contextual significance in naming the term (footnotes), as if Al-Farabi looked at its presence in the sentence, and that it is not a cornerstone in it like nouns and verbs, but rather it comes as a filler in speech;  To perform a specific meaning and a specific function, and he has been alone with this term on these words, knowing that they are different in their work and their door to the grammarians.

  4 -Al-Farabi relies on the logical understanding in explaining the singular and the compound in grammatical uses, and he did not use the grammarians’ conventions in dividing speech into a predicate and a predicate, and this reflects the difference in Al-Farabi’s approach to analyzing grammatical issues and following in the footsteps of logic scholars and distancing them through grammarians.

  5 -Al-Farabi added to the footnotes (lis), (when), (how much), (how) and (any), as the grammarians consider them to be verbs or nouns, while Al-Farabi included them within the letters, as he looked at them from their logical point of use in the sense  While the grammarians looked at it from the point of view of dividing speech into a noun, a verb and a letter, and the signs of each one of them.

 6 -Al-Farabi used the term (ribbat) on the conditional tools, and on some of them the term (embedded ribat), differentiated between some of them according to their uses in the sentences, and took the method of philosophical and logical analysis as a means to explain them and clarify their meanings.